Ustilago: Fungi
Kingdom: Mycota
Division: Umycota
Sub-division: Basidiomycota
Class: Teliomycetes
Order: Ustimales
Family: Ustiligi
Genus: Ustilago
Some important points about ustilago:
- Genus ustilago includes more than 300 species.
- This fungus is commonly known as smut fungus.
- The fungus Ustilago commonly gives rise to a range of smut diseases in plants.
- The embryo is the mode of infection.
- Active at the time of germination.
- It takes a lot of work to differentiate between infected seeds and healthy ones.
- The relaxed and moist environment is most suitable for the ustilago (fungi).
Fungus: loose smut Host 1. Ustilagonuda
Variety: Critical
2. Ustilagonuda
Variety: Hordei
3. Ustilagonuda
Variety: Maydis Wheat
Barley
Maize Covered smut
1. Ustilago Kalleri
2. Ustilago Scitonima
Oat
Sugarcane
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disease by ustilago
Some important points about ustilago:
- Genus ustilago includes more than 300 species.
- This fungus is commonly known as smut fungus.
- The fungus Ustilago commonly gives rise to a range of smut diseases in plants.
- The embryo is the mode of infection.
- Active at the time of germination.
- It takes a lot of work to differentiate between infected seeds and healthy ones.
- The relaxed and moist environment is most suitable for the ustilago (fungi).
| Fungus: loose smut | Host |
|---|---|
| 1. Ustilagonuda Variety: Critical 2. Ustilagonuda Variety: Hordei 3. Ustilagonuda Variety: Maydis | Wheat Barley Maize |
| Covered smut 1. Ustilago Kalleri 2. Ustilago Scitonima | Oat Sugarcane |
|
| disease by ustilago |
Vegetative structure:
Mycelium is a branched structure that is located within cells.
Mycelium
🡆 Primary mycelium:
- It contains a haploid nucleus.
- It is from by germination of basidiospores.
🡆 Secondary mycelium:- Each segment contains 2 haploid segments.
Dikaryotisation of mycelium:
If any segment contains 2 haploid nuclei present is called secondary mycelium. A process by which primary mycelium is counted in the secondary mycelium.
Following are the methods by which dikaryotisation in mycelium takes place:-
(A.) By the fusion between primary hyphae: In this method, Somatogamy takes place between 2 primary mycelia of opposite strains.
(B) By the fusion of germ tube of basidia tube.
(C.) Conjugation between basidiospore.
(d.) By the union of infection thread: 2 adjective infection thread of different shades fused to form dikaryotic hyphae.
☆ Reproduction
→ This is done in ustilago and takes place by the formation of chlamydospores of basidiospores.
In the life cycle of ustilago first chlamydospores are formed & these chlamydospores germinate to form basidiospores.
→ Formation of chlamydaspore
1. They are formed by secondary mycelium.
2. During the flowering season of wheat the mycelium. became hyperactive.
3. It reaches the inflorescence of the plant & starts infected embryonic spikelets.
4. The mycelium aggregation in the ovary forms dense hyphae. These hyphae are known as sporogenous hyphae.
5. Each dikaryotic segment gives rise to binucleate Clamydospores.
6. These binucleate chlamydospores are also known as teleutospores.
Teleutospores
1. Cover smut: Sporogenous hyphae do not destroy the epidermis, the source is covered by the epidermis.
2. Loose smut: Sporogenous hyphae destroy the epidermis, so the source is not covered by the epidermis.
☆ Chlamydospore structure:
→ Chlamydospore globular light brown & 5-9 are micro India meters.
→ The wall of the chlamydospore is differentiated into intine and exine.
→ The dispersion of chlamydospores is done with the help of wind.
→ The spores of ustilago germinate in favorable conditions.
→ Each chlamydospore contains 2 nuclei (binucleate)
→ Before germination the 2 nuclei chlamydospores fused to form a diploid nucleus.
Development of basidiospore
→ After germination of chlamydospores the resultant structure which is present is known as a basidium.
→The diploid nucleus found within chlamydospores undergoes a process known as reductional division.
→ As a result, 4 haploid nuclei are formed out of these 4 haploid nuclei 2 are positive (+) and another 2 are negative (-) strains.
→ After reductional division (meiosis) basidium becomes 4 cells with the formation of a separate septae.
→ As a result each cell is connected to basidiospores with a single nucleus.
→ Basidiospores possess a structure characterized by a thin wall, consisting of a single nucleus, and typically taking on a spherical or oval shape.
→ Basidiospores can multiply by budding.
Germination of basidia spores.
→ Basidiospores germinate to form monokaryotic mycelia.
→Differ species of ustilago show different characteristics
of ustilago.
(1.) Lose smut: Infect occurs during the flowering stage.The mycelium anther in younger tissue from the base of the ovary.This made of infection is known as the Blossom infection.
(2.) Cover smut: Chlamydospores are present inside the host seed.After germination mycelium host tissue gets infected such a mode of infection is known as the Seedling infection.
Here are 10 multiple-choice questions based on the article:
1. Which kingdom does Ustilago belong to? a. Plantae b. Animalia c. Mycota d. Fungi
2. What is the common name for Ustilago? a. Wheat fungus b. Smut fungus c. Seedling infection d. Basidiomycota
3. How many species are included in the genus Ustilago? a. 100 b. 200 c. 300 d. 400
4. What is the mode of infection for Ustilago? a. Airborne spores b. Root penetration c. Contact with infected leaves d. Embryo
5. When is Ustilago most active? a. During the flowering season b. In cool and moist environments c. After rain showers d. In dry and hot conditions
6. What is the primary vegetative structure of Ustilago? a. Basidiospores b. Chlamydospores c. Mycelium d. Basidia
7. How is the dikaryotisation of mycelium achieved? a. Fusion between primary hyphae b. Conjugation between basidiospores c. Fusion of germ tubes d. Union of infection threads
8. How does Ustilago reproduce? a. Formation of chlamydospores b. Budding of basidiospores c. Production of seeds d. Conjugation of hyphae
9. What is the structure of chlamydospores? a. Spherical or oval with a thick wall b. Elongated with a thin wall c. Cylindrical with spines d. Irregular and colorless
10. How does Ustilago infect host plants in the case of loose smut? a. Blossom infection during flowering b. Seedling infection through chlamydospores c. Contact with infected leaves d. Airborne spores during rainy seasons
Answers:1. c. Mycota2. b. Smut fungus3. c. 3004. d. Embryo5. b. In cool and moist environments6. c. Mycelium7. a. Fusion between primary hyphae8. a. Formation of chlamydospores9. a. Spherical or oval with a thick wall10. a. Blossom infection during flowering
Vegetative structure:
Mycelium is a branched structure that is located within cells.
Mycelium
Mycelium
🡆 Primary mycelium:
- It contains a haploid nucleus.
- It is from by germination of basidiospores.
🡆 Secondary mycelium:
- Each segment contains 2 haploid segments.
Dikaryotisation of mycelium:
If any segment contains 2 haploid nuclei present is called secondary mycelium. A process by which primary mycelium is counted in the secondary mycelium.
Following are the methods by which dikaryotisation in mycelium takes place:-
(A.) By the fusion between primary hyphae: In this method, Somatogamy takes place between 2 primary mycelia of opposite strains.
(B) By the fusion of germ tube of basidia tube.
(C.) Conjugation between basidiospore.
(d.) By the union of infection thread: 2 adjective infection thread of different shades fused to form dikaryotic hyphae.
Following are the methods by which dikaryotisation in mycelium takes place:-
(A.) By the fusion between primary hyphae: In this method, Somatogamy takes place between 2 primary mycelia of opposite strains.
(d.) By the union of infection thread: 2 adjective infection thread of different shades fused to form dikaryotic hyphae.
☆ Reproduction
→ This is done in ustilago and takes place by the formation of chlamydospores of basidiospores.
In the life cycle of ustilago first chlamydospores are formed & these chlamydospores germinate to form basidiospores.
→ Formation of chlamydaspore
1. They are formed by secondary mycelium.
2. During the flowering season of wheat the mycelium. became hyperactive.
2. During the flowering season of wheat the mycelium. became hyperactive.
3. It reaches the inflorescence of the plant & starts infected embryonic spikelets.
4. The mycelium aggregation in the ovary forms dense hyphae. These hyphae are known as sporogenous hyphae.
5. Each dikaryotic segment gives rise to binucleate Clamydospores.
6. These binucleate chlamydospores are also known as teleutospores.
5. Each dikaryotic segment gives rise to binucleate Clamydospores.
6. These binucleate chlamydospores are also known as teleutospores.
Teleutospores
1. Cover smut: Sporogenous hyphae do not destroy the epidermis, the source is covered by the epidermis.
2. Loose smut: Sporogenous hyphae destroy the epidermis, so the source is not covered by the epidermis.
2. Loose smut: Sporogenous hyphae destroy the epidermis, so the source is not covered by the epidermis.
☆ Chlamydospore structure:
→ Chlamydospore globular light brown & 5-9 are micro India meters.
→ The wall of the chlamydospore is differentiated into intine and exine.
→ The dispersion of chlamydospores is done with the help of wind.
→ The spores of ustilago germinate in favorable conditions.
→ Each chlamydospore contains 2 nuclei (binucleate)
→ Before germination the 2 nuclei chlamydospores fused to form a diploid nucleus.
→ Before germination the 2 nuclei chlamydospores fused to form a diploid nucleus.
Development of basidiospore
→ After germination of chlamydospores the resultant structure which is present is known as a basidium.
→The diploid nucleus found within chlamydospores undergoes a process known as reductional division.
→ As a result, 4 haploid nuclei are formed out of these 4 haploid nuclei 2 are positive (+) and another 2 are negative (-) strains.
→ After reductional division (meiosis) basidium becomes 4 cells with the formation of a separate septae.
→ As a result each cell is connected to basidiospores with a single nucleus.
→ Basidiospores possess a structure characterized by a thin wall, consisting of a single nucleus, and typically taking on a spherical or oval shape.
→ Basidiospores can multiply by budding.
Germination of basidia spores.
→ Basidiospores germinate to form monokaryotic mycelia.
→Differ species of ustilago show different characteristics
of ustilago.
(1.) Lose smut: Infect occurs during the flowering stage.
(1.) Lose smut: Infect occurs during the flowering stage.
The mycelium anther in younger tissue from the base of the ovary.
This made of infection is known as the Blossom infection.
(2.) Cover smut: Chlamydospores are present inside the host seed.
After germination mycelium host tissue gets infected such a mode of infection is known as the Seedling infection.
Here are 10 multiple-choice questions based on the article:
1. Which kingdom does Ustilago belong to?
a. Plantae
b. Animalia
c. Mycota
d. Fungi
2. What is the common name for Ustilago?
a. Wheat fungus
b. Smut fungus
c. Seedling infection
d. Basidiomycota
3. How many species are included in the genus Ustilago?
a. 100
b. 200
c. 300
d. 400
4. What is the mode of infection for Ustilago?
a. Airborne spores
b. Root penetration
c. Contact with infected leaves
d. Embryo
5. When is Ustilago most active?
a. During the flowering season
b. In cool and moist environments
c. After rain showers
d. In dry and hot conditions
6. What is the primary vegetative structure of Ustilago?
a. Basidiospores
b. Chlamydospores
c. Mycelium
d. Basidia
7. How is the dikaryotisation of mycelium achieved?
a. Fusion between primary hyphae
b. Conjugation between basidiospores
c. Fusion of germ tubes
d. Union of infection threads
8. How does Ustilago reproduce?
a. Formation of chlamydospores
b. Budding of basidiospores
c. Production of seeds
d. Conjugation of hyphae
9. What is the structure of chlamydospores?
a. Spherical or oval with a thick wall
b. Elongated with a thin wall
c. Cylindrical with spines
d. Irregular and colorless
10. How does Ustilago infect host plants in the case of loose smut?
a. Blossom infection during flowering
b. Seedling infection through chlamydospores
c. Contact with infected leaves
d. Airborne spores during rainy seasons
Answers:
1. c. Mycota
2. b. Smut fungus
3. c. 300
4. d. Embryo
5. b. In cool and moist environments
6. c. Mycelium
7. a. Fusion between primary hyphae
8. a. Formation of chlamydospores
9. a. Spherical or oval with a thick wall
10. a. Blossom infection during flowering
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